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Conductivity and Resistivity Formula:
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Conductivity (σ) and resistivity (ρ) are reciprocal properties that describe how well a material conducts electric current. Conductivity measures a material's ability to conduct electricity, while resistivity measures its opposition to current flow.
The calculator uses the fundamental formula:
Where:
Explanation: This inverse relationship means that materials with high resistivity have low conductivity, and vice versa. The formula applies to homogeneous, isotropic materials at constant temperature.
Details: Understanding the relationship between conductivity and resistivity is essential for material selection in electrical engineering, electronics design, and understanding material properties for various applications.
Tips: Enter resistivity value in Ω·m. The value must be greater than zero. The calculator will compute the corresponding conductivity in S/m.
Q1: What are typical resistivity values for common materials?
A: Copper: ~1.68×10⁻⁸ Ω·m, Silver: ~1.59×10⁻⁸ Ω·m, Glass: ~10¹⁰-10¹⁴ Ω·m, Rubber: ~10¹³-10¹⁶ Ω·m.
Q2: How does temperature affect conductivity and resistivity?
A: For metals, resistivity increases with temperature, so conductivity decreases. For semiconductors, conductivity increases with temperature.
Q3: What is the difference between electrical and thermal conductivity?
A: Electrical conductivity measures ability to conduct electric current, while thermal conductivity measures ability to conduct heat. They are related but different properties.
Q4: Why are conductivity and resistivity important in material science?
A: They determine material suitability for electrical applications - conductors need high conductivity, insulators need high resistivity.
Q5: Can this formula be used for all materials?
A: The basic relationship holds, but actual values depend on material composition, purity, temperature, and crystal structure.