Home
Back
Gradient Formula:
| From: | To: |
Gradient in earth science refers to the rate of change in elevation over a given horizontal distance. It is a fundamental concept used in geology, geography, and environmental science to describe the steepness of slopes and terrain characteristics.
The calculator uses the gradient formula:
Where:
Explanation: The formula calculates how much the elevation changes for each kilometer of horizontal distance, providing a standardized measure of slope steepness.
Details: Gradient calculations are essential for understanding landscape evolution, predicting erosion patterns, planning construction projects, assessing flood risks, and studying hydrological processes. They help geologists and geographers analyze terrain characteristics and make informed decisions about land use and development.
Tips: Enter elevation change in meters and horizontal distance in kilometers. Both values must be positive numbers. The calculator will compute the gradient in meters per kilometer (m/km), which is the standard unit for earth science applications.
Q1: What is a typical gradient value for different terrains?
A: Flat plains: 0-5 m/km, Rolling hills: 5-20 m/km, Moderate slopes: 20-50 m/km, Steep mountains: 50-200+ m/km.
Q2: How does gradient relate to slope percentage?
A: Gradient (m/km) can be converted to percentage by multiplying by 0.1. For example, 50 m/km gradient = 5% slope.
Q3: Why use meters per kilometer instead of degrees?
A: m/km is more practical for field measurements and mapping, while degrees are better for mathematical calculations involving trigonometry.
Q4: What are the limitations of gradient calculations?
A: Gradient provides an average slope value and doesn't account for local variations, irregular terrain, or changes in slope direction.
Q5: How is gradient used in hydrological studies?
A: Gradient determines water flow velocity, erosion potential, sediment transport capacity, and helps predict flood behavior in river systems.