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Gradient Formula:
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Gradient in drainage refers to the slope or incline of a pipe, channel, or surface that allows water to flow efficiently. It is expressed as a percentage and indicates the vertical fall over a horizontal distance.
The calculator uses the gradient formula:
Where:
Explanation: The formula calculates the ratio of vertical fall to horizontal length, multiplied by 100 to convert to percentage.
Details: Proper gradient is essential for effective drainage systems to prevent water accumulation, ensure self-cleaning velocity, and avoid blockages. Insufficient gradient can lead to stagnant water, while excessive gradient may cause erosion and pipe damage.
Tips: Enter fall (vertical drop) and length (horizontal distance) in meters. Both values must be positive numbers. The calculator will compute the gradient percentage automatically.
Q1: What is the minimum gradient for drainage pipes?
A: For most drainage applications, a minimum gradient of 1-2% (1-2 cm per meter) is recommended to ensure proper flow.
Q2: How does gradient affect flow velocity?
A: Higher gradients increase flow velocity, which helps prevent sediment buildup but may cause erosion if too steep.
Q3: Can gradient be too steep?
A: Yes, excessively steep gradients can cause water to flow too quickly, leading to pipe erosion, noise, and potential separation of solids from liquids.
Q4: What units should I use for fall and length?
A: Use consistent units (preferably meters) for both fall and length measurements to ensure accurate percentage calculation.
Q5: How do I measure fall and length in the field?
A: Use a level and measuring tape for small projects, or surveying equipment for larger drainage systems to ensure accurate measurements.